Interactive Live-Stream Shopping and Impulse Buying Behavior Among Malaysian TVET Students: An Extended Technology Acceptance Model

Abstract

Abstract— This study investigates the integration of Bacillus subtilis-based microbial self-healing concrete into the Eco2GC Drain Cover to enhance crack-healing capability while maintaining mechanical performance. M40 concrete with a nominal mix ratio of 1:1.5:3 and a water-to-cement ratio of 0.40 was prepared with microbial agent contents of 0% (M0), 3% (M3), and 5% (M5) by cement weight. Compressive strength was evaluated at 7, 14, and 28 days, while controlled-crack specimens were subjected to water and soil curing to assess self-healing development. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was employed to examine microstructural changes and mineral-like deposits within the crack regions. The experimental framework enables comparison of microbial dosage and curing environment in relation to mechanical performance, crack-healing behaviour, and microstructural characteristics. The findings provide a scientific basis for developing Eco2GC Drain Cover from a conventional drainage component into a more durable concrete element with autonomous crack-repair potential.

Keywords— Eco2GC Drain Cover; Bacillus subtilis; microbial self-healing concrete; crack healing; microstructural analysis.